Editorial Standards & Disclosures

Sources and uncertainty

We seek authoritative historical sources and distinguish documented evidence from reported tradition, interpretation and modern paraphrase. A quotation should be read with its attribution label and source context. Summaries are selective; readers should consult the original sources for fuller accounts.

Casualty estimates can differ substantially. A precise number used to draw a chart does not make the underlying estimate precise. Figures may cover different populations, causes of death or time periods and should not be assumed directly comparable. Reconstruction, geographic simplification and incomplete records also affect maps and animations.

Ongoing conflicts and sensitive material

Reports about current wars change as evidence develops. Coverage is not a live news feed; check the dates and sources attached to specific claims. Allegations and disputed findings should not be read as final judicial determinations.

Some pages discuss death, genocide, torture, sexual violence and other atrocities. This material may be distressing. Historical maps and labels do not express a position on present-day territorial claims.

Corrections and accountability

Please send the page URL, the specific passage or image, your proposed correction, and supporting sources to [email protected]. We assess the evidence and update material when a correction is supported. Copyright or attribution concerns use the same address; see Contact for helpful details.

Advertising and affiliate links

Advertisements will be labeled as ads. If we earn a commission from a link, we will disclose that near the recommendation or link. Sponsored content will be identified. Historical conclusions should follow evidence rather than commercial relationships. No advertising or affiliate program is active in this version of the site.