⚔️📍 Münster and Osnabrück, Germany1648
Peace of Westphalia — 30 Years' War Ends
The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War — the most destructive European conflict before WWI — through two simultaneous treaties signed in Münster and Osnabrück. Up to 8 million people had died in what was partly a religious war.
Westphalia established the modern system of sovereign nation-states with recognized borders — the foundation of international relations still used today.
Outcome
Thirty Years' War ends; modern nation-state system born