January 30, 1648 · Westphalia Theater
January 30, 1648
After eighty years, Philip IV recognised the United Provinces as free, sovereign, and independent, renounced all claim to them, and conceded the closure of the Scheldt that strangled Antwerp for the benefit of Amsterdam. The Dutch signed separately, ahead of their French allies, and got everything they had asked for in 1568 and much they had not.
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