1899 – 1902
After Filipino revolutionaries declared independence from Spain and established the First Philippine Republic, the United States refused to recognize it and claimed sovereignty under the Treaty of Paris, whose negotiations excluded Filipinos. Fighting began around Manila in February 1899 and shifted from conventional campaigns to fragmented guerrilla resistance. U.S. forces used population concentration, food destruction, torture, and retaliatory violence; Filipino forces also killed prisoners and alleged collaborators. The war’s formal U.S. endpoint in 1902 did not end resistance everywhere. More than 4,200 U.S. troops and perhaps 20,000 Filipino combatants died, while violence, famine, and disease killed an estimated 200,000 civilians or more.
Chapter-by-chapter narrative with maps, primary sources, and key events.
Explore battles on a live map with a timeline slider and territory overlays.
Deep-dive into every major engagement — commanders, casualties, significance.
Biographical flip cards with real portraits, facts, and full biography pages.
Trace each figure's full life journey — birth, education, battles, and death — on a live map.
Scroll-driven visualization of casualties — each dot a thousand lives.
Weapons, war machines, and the military innovations that defined how this conflict was fought.
Cause-and-effect chains tracing the war's long shadow on history.
War crimes, massacres, and the darkest chapters of this conflict — documented for history.
After Filipino revolutionaries declared independence from Spain and established the First Philippine Republic, the United States refused to recognize it and claimed sovereignty under the Treaty of Paris, whose negotiations excluded Filipinos. Fighting began around Manila in February 1899 and shifted from conventional campaigns to fragmented guerrilla resistance. U.S. forces used population concentration, food destruction, torture, and retaliatory violence; Filipino forces also killed prisoners and alleged collaborators. The war’s formal U.S. endpoint in 1902 did not end resistance everywhere. More than 4,200 U.S. troops and perhaps 20,000 Filipino combatants died, while violence, famine, and disease killed an estimated 200,000 civilians or more.
The Philippine-American War was fought from 1899 to 1902.
The Philippine-American War was fought between United States and Philippine Republic.
An estimated 224,200 people died in The Philippine-American War, including roughly 24,200 military and 200,000 civilian deaths. Figures are scholarly estimates and vary by source.
Major engagements included Battle of Manila, Capture of Malolos, Battle of Zapote Bridge, and Battle of Caloocan.