1296 – 1357
When Edward I of England seized Scotland in 1296, he sparked a sixty-year struggle for its survival as a nation. William Wallace shattered an English army at Stirling Bridge; Robert the Bruce, crowned an outlaw king, won everything at Bannockburn; and though a second war reopened the wound, Scotland's independence — and its defiant Declaration of Arbroath — endured.
Chapter-by-chapter narrative with maps, primary sources, and key events.
Explore battles on a live map with a timeline slider and territory overlays.
Deep-dive into every major engagement — commanders, casualties, significance.
Biographical flip cards with real portraits, facts, and full biography pages.
Trace each figure's full life journey — birth, education, battles, and death — on a live map.
Scroll-driven visualization of casualties — each dot a thousand lives.
Weapons, war machines, and the military innovations that defined how this conflict was fought.
Cause-and-effect chains tracing the war's long shadow on history.
When Edward I of England seized Scotland in 1296, he sparked a sixty-year struggle for its survival as a nation. William Wallace shattered an English army at Stirling Bridge; Robert the Bruce, crowned an outlaw king, won everything at Bannockburn; and though a second war reopened the wound, Scotland's independence — and its defiant Declaration of Arbroath — endured.
The Wars of Scottish Independence was fought from 1296 to 1357.
The Wars of Scottish Independence was fought between Kingdom of Scotland and Kingdom of England.
An estimated 75,000 people died in The Wars of Scottish Independence, including roughly 55,000 military and 20,000 civilian deaths. Figures are scholarly estimates and vary by source.
Major engagements included Battle of Bannockburn, Battle of Falkirk, The Sack of Berwick, and Battle of Stirling Bridge.