July 1584 – August 17, 1585 · Scheldt estuary Theater
July 1584 – August 17, 1585
Parma took Antwerp by taking the river. He threw a fortified bridge of boats 800 metres across the Scheldt to cut the city from the sea, held it against fire-ships that killed 800 of his men in a single blast — the 'Hellburners', the largest explosion anyone had yet engineered — and starved the city out over thirteen months. Protestants were given four years to sell up and leave.
Commanders