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Cao Wei
Shu Han
Eastern Wu
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Battle of Red Cliffs

Winter 208 AD · Yangtze River (modern Hubei) Theater

Cao Cao's southern campaign destroyed; the balance of power permanently split three ways. Liu Bei seized the opportunity to take the Shu region (modern Sichuan), while Sun Quan consolidated his hold on the Yangtze valley.

Winter 208 AD

Fresh from unifying the north, Cao Cao marched south with an army historians estimate at 200,000–300,000 to crush the last independent powers. The allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei, numbering perhaps 50,000, met him at the Red Cliffs on the Yangtze. Cao Cao's northern soldiers, unused to naval warfare and ravaged by an epidemic, chained their ships together for stability. The allied commander Zhou Yu sent fire ships into the chained fleet. The resulting conflagration destroyed Cao Cao's navy and much of his army, forcing a humiliating retreat north.

  • Battle of Red Cliffs

Commanders

Cao Wei · Cao Cao, Chancellor and de facto ruler of northern China
Eastern Wu · Zhou Yu, Grand Commander of Wu
Shu Han · Liu Bei, warlord and claimant to Han legitimacy
Shu Han · Zhuge Liang, chief advisor to Liu Bei