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The Human Cost

The Early Islamic Conquests

600,000

disputed broad estimate

Late and incompatible narrative traditions make a catalogue-wide death total impossible to verify. This broad allocation is retained for visualization, not as a consensus count.

Each dot below represents 1,000 human lives. Scroll to watch the scale unfold.

Military Dead

Working allocation: 400,000 soldiers killed in combat, from wounds, or from disease. Each = 1,000 lives.

The Caliphate (Rashidun & Umayyad) — 120,000 military dead
Byzantium, Persia & Their Neighbours — 280,000 military dead

Civilian Dead

200,000 civilians killed — from violence, famine, disease, and displacement. Wars are not fought only by soldiers.

Civilian dead — 200,000

Deadliest Engagements

The Second Arab Siege of Constantinople95,000

incl. 5,000 civilians

Battle of Yarmouk45,000
The First Arab Siege of Constantinople32,000

incl. 2,000 civilians

Battle of Nahavand25,000
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah20,000
The Conquest of Egypt20,000

incl. 5,000 civilians

Battle of the Masts20,000
Battle of Talas20,000

For Perspective

How Islamic Conquests's dead compare to other conflicts and events.

Islamic Conquests — working total600,000
Yarmouk Byzantine losses (disputed)40,000
Constantinople 717–718 Umayyad losses (reported/disputed)80,000
All military dead (disputed estimate)400,000

Milestones of Loss

40,000 dead

Yarmouk permanently removed Syria from Roman control, but its army and loss totals derive from incompatible later traditions.

80,000 dead

The 717–718 expedition suffered catastrophic losses, but 80,000 is a source-dependent reconstruction rather than a roll of the dead.

400,000 dead

The conquest-wide military total is a disputed visualization estimate spanning many regions and generations.

Figures are working historical estimates and vary across sources. Labels identify totals that are reported, disputed, or unknown; numerical allocations may be retained for comparison without implying exact knowledge. Each number represents human lives, not false precision.